Women's Suffrage – 130 years
On 18 December 2024 we commemorated the 130th anniversary of the landmark legislation that enabled women in South Australia — for the first time anywhere in the world — to vote in general elections AND to stand as members of Parliament.
This incredible achievement was the result of years of campaigning by the South Australian community.
Gaining the vote was a huge step towards gender equality in South Australia, and meant that women could directly influence the laws that governed their society.
For us today, building on this achievement involves supporting women's political engagement, ensuring gender equity in policies, advocating for equal opportunities, celebrating women's contributions, and promoting ongoing conversations about equality.
When we reflect upon our history we acknowledge the injustice, pain and suffering felt by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in the past and still today.
Life in 1894 - before women’s suffrage
Life in 1894 - before women’s suffrage
Expectations of Women
In 1894 the British colony of South Australia was 58 years old and still followed British law and customs. Women were expected to always appear happy, dutiful, and moral, setting an example for their families and communities. It was taken for granted that women would become wives and mothers, working for the household and raising a family. Some women were also involved in charitable work or efforts to improve society such as the campaign to abolish slavery.
Lack of political power
However, as industrialisation began to grow and women began to work out of the home in mills and factories, they encountered new challenges. Women were underpaid. Although working out of the home, women were still expected to run a household and raise a family. There was no paid leave, government allowance or pension. Women struggled with poverty.
In British colonies like South Australia, women had fewer legal rights than men. Women’s property, income and children were mainly controlled by their fathers or husbands. There was a strong need for better laws protecting and supporting women and families.
Without the vote, women lacked the political power to effectively address these social issues.
Progress and Resistance
Despite the challenges, there was some progress towards women's rights in the late 1800s. There were changes to the law. The Matrimonial Causes Act of 1858 allowed divorce. The Municipal Corporations Act of 1861 allowed owner/occupiers of property (including women) to vote in local government elections. But ongoing hardships prompted some women to organise for better working conditions. In 1890, Mary Lee, Agnes Milne and Augusta Zadow formed the Working Women's Trade Union. This laid the groundwork for the broader women's suffrage movement that followed.
Sources:
Meredith McLean (1981) 'Votes for Women, 1894-1928', Constitutional Museum Exhibition 20 February to 24 July 1981
Bonnie Ramsay (1994) 'The Enfranchisement of Women in South Australia', essay in 'Cabbages and kings: selected essays in history and Australian studies', Department of History and Australian Studies, Murray Park College of Advanced Education, 1973 to 1996.
The Centre of Democracy - Working women in the nineteenth century
Suffragist/Suffragette - What's the difference?
Suffragist/Suffragette - What's the difference?
Suffragists
Those involved in the first wave of the campaign for women’s votes are known as suffragists.
Suffragists believed in peaceful, legal methods of persuasion such as petitions, public campaigns, making appointments to talk to politicians, giving speeches and holding fundraisers. The South Australians who successfully campaigned for votes for women were suffragists.
Suffragettes
Suffragettes were members of women's organisations in the late-1800s and early-1900s who took direct, sometimes violent, action to achieve women's suffrage, especially in the United Kingdom.
The name refers in particular to members of the British Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), a women-only movement founded in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst. The suffragettes were known for such actions as noisy protests, hunger strikes, heckling politicians during political events, blocking roads and vandalism.
Sources
Aboriginal women and the vote
Aboriginal women and the vote
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are the oldest continuous culture in the world. When the British arrived in Australia in 1788, they imposed their own system of citizenship, ignoring the existing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ways of maintaining social order, language, culture, and deep ties to the land and water.
Suffrage for Aboriginal men came first
When the British colonies in Australia became self-governing, men over 21 were entitled to vote. Aboriginal men living in South Australia were granted the right to vote in 1856 along with non-Aboriginal men.
Suffrage for Aboriginal women
The right to vote was extended to South Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women in 1895, after the historic vote at the end of 1894.
Aboriginal women were often not informed of this right or supported to enrol to vote. In some cases, Aboriginal people were actively discouraged from enrolling or voting.
At the Ngarrindjeri mission at Raukkan (then known as Point McLeay), a number of Aboriginal women enrolled and voted in the 1896 election, even though they were actively discouraged by the white manager of the mission.
Voting rights removed from Aboriginal people
The 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act removed the right to vote in Federal elections from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, except those who were already enrolled for state elections. However, state laws often prevented Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from enrolling.
The right to vote in federal elections was extended in 1949 to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who had served in the armed forces, but many states still restricted voting rights in their own elections.
Voting rights restored
The right to vote in federal elections was reinstated for all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults in the 1962 Commonwealth Electoral Act, but it took until 1965 for all states to grant voting rights in state elections.
In 1984 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were finally treated like other voters and required to enrol and vote at federal elections. This had previously been optional.
It is important to recognise the pain, shame, and disrespect caused by removing voting rights from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. These actions, along with ongoing racism and disempowerment, continue to affect communities today.
Sources
Electoral milestones for Indigenous Australians - Australian Electoral Commission
Aboriginal South Australians and Parliament - Parliament of South Australia
Indigenous Australians’ right to vote - National Museum Australia
South Australia's history of voting rights for Aboriginal Australians - ABC News
Australian Electoral Commission 2006, 'History of the Indigenous Vote' (PDF 2.2 MB), viewed on 16 December 2024
Reconciliation SA 2011, 'Citizenship: Let's Talk Recognition', viewed at http://www.reconciliationsa.org.au/assets/media/files/Education%20Packs/Citizenship_Lets_Talk_Recognition.pdf on 13 December 2018. Now removed from the website.
Timeline leading to women's suffrage in South Australia
Timeline leading to women's suffrage in South Australia
In South Australia’s parliament, there are two groups: the House of Assembly and the Legislative Council. These are the groups of elected people who discuss issues, make laws, and oversee the government’s work. The two groups can disagree, and one can't control the other. Having this system prevents too much power in one place and means there are two separate groups of people to consider and debate proposed laws and other matters of public interest. A proposed law, called a Bill, must be seen and approved by both groups before it becomes a law.
There were several stages in the campaign for women's suffrage in South Australia. This timeline lists the key points.
On this page:
- The idea of women's suffrage in South Australia
- Women's Suffrage League is formed
- The Bill is introduced that will eventually become law
- The petition is presented and legislation is passed
- The legislation comes into force with the assent of Queen Victoria
The idea of women's suffrage in South Australia
Date | Event |
---|---|
1861 | The Municipal Corporations Act allowed women who were owner/occupiers of property to vote in local government elections. |
22 July 1885 | Dr Edward Stirling, member of the South Australian parliament, proposed a resolution in parliament in favour of allowing widows and single women who owned property to vote, but not married women. The resolution passed but did not change the law. It was a way Parliament was able to express a view on women’s suffrage without committing to any changes. |
16 June 1886 | Dr Stirling introduced a Bill based on his earlier resolution that some women should be allowed to vote. A Bill is a proposed law. It was unsuccessful. |
July 1886 | The first petition in favour of women's suffrage was tabled in parliament, delivered by the United Trades and Labor Council. The petition asked for women's right to vote, whether they owned property or not. |
6 June 1888 | Mary Lee, at a meeting of the Ladies Social Purity Society (of which she was then secretary) put three resolutions to the meeting: That the moral, social and industrial interests of women would be advanced by women's political enfranchisement. That, as the ultimate aim of this Society is the moral elevation of women, the Social Purity Society stands pledged to support all efforts likely to assist this aim. Hence it is resolved; That this committee, in the name of the Society, pledges itself to advance and support the cause of woman suffrage in this colony. These resolutions lead to the Women's Suffrage League being formed the following month. |
Women's Suffrage League is formed
Date | Event |
---|---|
20 July 1888 | The Women's Suffrage League was officially formed in South Australia. Their constitution reads as follows:
Point 3 was included as a way to help the League to concentrate on getting the vote without being sidetracked by other goals. |
12 July 1888, | Over three years, Robert Caldwell, a member of parliament and of the Women's Suffrage League, introduced three separate Bills (proposed laws) to parliament giving the vote to women who owned property. The Bills were unsuccessful. |
early 1890 | Mary Lee's three powerful 'Letters to Women' were published in the South Australian Register (South Australia's first newspaper) in March, April and May |
June 1891 | Robert Caldwell took a group in favour of women’s suffrage to speak to the Premier, Thomas Playford. Catherine Helen Spence was part of the group and told the Premier that she was 'in her seventh decade and still had no more vote than a child of three years', and continued it was 'perfectly absurd to condemn half the human race to silence upon public questions'. More groups talked to Premier Holder in 1892 and Premier Downer in 1893. They received some support from the Premiers and, importantly, got noticed in the newspapers. |
14 July 1891 | John Warren, a member of the parliament in the Legislative Council, introduced a Bill to grant women the vote if the women owned property. It was unsuccessful. |
1891 | A petition of 219 signatures was tabled, based on the idea of 'no taxation without representation'. The women who signed the petition believed that as they were taxpayers, they should have a say in who would be in parliament making laws about taxes. They wanted the vote. If they could not have the vote, they wanted to be excused from paying taxes. Neither of these things happened. |
6 July 1893 | John Cockburn, a member of parliament, introduced a Bill making all women eligible to vote. It had a section that proposed a referendum (a decision made by the people, not just the parliament). The Bill was unsuccessful. |
The Bill is introduced that will eventually become law
Date | Event |
---|---|
30 April 1894 | A state-wide petition began. Signatures were collected from April to August 1894, creating a petition several thousand pages long. During this time, Mary Lee travelled around the state talking to meetings and gathering support. |
4 July 1894 | John Hannah Gordon, a member of parliament in the Legislative Council, introduced a Bill (a proposed law) based on the Women's Suffrage League constitution. It would grant equal voting rights without any restrictions. This Bill was similar to the 1893 Bill by John Cockburn but did not include any type of referendum. The Bill successfully moved on to the second reading. This means that the Bill had been introduced to parliament (the introduction is called the first reading), and now the members of parliament could begin to debate and vote on the main ideas in the Bill. More than 50 members of parliament spoke on the issues. Women often filled the gallery (a special seating area where people can watch the proceedings). The women were eager to hear the debate and to show the politicians how important this issue was to the community. Some members of parliament were against the Bill. They added various amendments (changes) to the Bill to make it less popular so that it would be unsuccessful. One of the amendments would allow women to be elected to parliament. This was not something the suffragists had asked for and the members who added it to the Bill were sure it would cause the Bill to be unsuccessful. |
22 August 1894 | John Gordon's Bill passed its second reading in the Legislative Council. To become a law, the Bill had to be passed in the House of Assembly as well. |
The petition is presented and legislation is passed
Date | Event |
---|---|
23 August 1894 | A petition of 11,600 signatures in favour of women’s suffrage was presented to the House of Assembly, tied with a yellow ribbon, the colour of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. The document was 122 metres long; about the same length as six cricket pitches laid end-to-end. About one in three signatures were from men. |
30 August 1894 | The petition was officially tabled (presented to parliament). John Cockburn introduced the Bill (proposed law) called the Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Bill to the House of Assembly. |
8 to 21 November 1894 | On 8 November, a petition of 2,006 signatures against the Bill (that is, against giving women the vote) was tabled in the House of Assembly by Mr Riddoch. On 13 November, a petition of 42 signatures against the Bill was tabled in the House of Assembly by Mr Coneybeer. The second reading of the Bill was moved and passed. On 21 November, a petition with 56 signatures against the Bill was presented to the House of Assembly by Mr Howe. |
17 December 1894 | Members attempted to make amendments to the third reading of the Bill. The third reading is the vote on the Bill in its final form. The debate went late into the night without result. |
18 December 1894 | At 10:30 am the House of Assembly met and passed the Bill. Because the Bill was passed, it was no longer a draft. It was an Act. The short wording of the Constitution Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act read:
There were more than 200 women in the gallery when the vote was taken. |
The legislation comes into force with the assent of Queen Victoria
Date | Event |
---|---|
2 February 1895 | Queen Victoria assented to The Act. This final step meant the Law was official, giving women in South Australia the right to vote and the right to stand for Parliament ‘subject to the same qualifications and in the same manner as men’. The Law meant that Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women and men in South Australia all had the vote. |
20 and 21 March 1895 | The Constitution Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894 was proclaimed on 20 March 1895 and published in the South Australian Government Gazette on 21 March 1895. The Government Gazette is a public record or journal where official notices (including new laws, regulations, appointments, and other governmental decisions) are published. |
Sources
https://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/num_act/mca16o24a25v1861354/
https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/title/89
‘Miss Muriel Matters: the fearless suffragist who fought for equality’ by Robert Wainwright p28 ISBN 978 1 76063 268 7
‘From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: how Australia got compulsory voting’ by Judith Brett p40 ISBN 9781925603842
Women's Suffrage - National Museum Australia
https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/about/how-parliament-works/two-houses
https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-44.html#significance
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article53659911 - 1894 'WOMAN'S SUFFRAGE.', South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900), 19 December, p. 3. , viewed 10 June 2024
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article53647148 -1894 'HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY.', South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900), 9 November, p. 3. , viewed 10 Jun 2024
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article53661612 - 1894 'HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY.', South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900), 14 November, p. 3. , viewed 10 Jun 2024
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article53653765 - 1894 'HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY.', South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900), 22 November, p. 3. , viewed 10 Jun 2024
http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1895/ ‘The South Australian Government Gazette’ Viewed 18 June 2024
Jones, Dr Helen (1994) In Her Own Name: A history of women in South Australia, Adelaide; Wakefield Press.
State Library of South Australia, Women's Suffrage in South Australia Chronology https://www.sutori.com/story/women-s-suffrage-in-south-australia--CbZnAJ5XZkTvpFvydMaAcsPd